According to the NCADD, between 6 and 11 percent of elderly hospital admissions are due to alcohol or drug related problems.

It can be common for friends and family members to overlook – or completely miss – an aging loved one’s abuse of alcohol. For instance, if he or she has always included alcohol in his or her daily routine, recognizing increased (but gradual) frequency in drinking may be difficult. Similarly, seniors may turn to alcohol as a way to deal with physical or emotional pain, loneliness, or other forms of stress – secretly and without anybody ever knowing.

The Effects of Alcohol on Seniors

According to the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence (NCADD), alcohol abuse among older adults is quickly becoming a serious health challenge. A leading factor in this is that some seniors may not understand that their bodies respond differently to alcohol than when they were younger. While it’s common knowledge that our bodies change with time, it may not be so obvious that our tolerance for alcohol can change, as well.

As we age, the amount of water within the body decreases (allowing for a higher blood alcohol concentration), but also, alcohol stays in the liver longer and is not metabolized nearly as quickly or efficiently. Thus, drinking what could be considered a small amount of alcohol – for those that are in their 30s, 40s, or 50s – may quickly impair a senior’s judgement and/or coordination, leading to falls or other serious injuries.

The immediate effects of alcohol are certainly a cause for concern, but the long-term consequences can be just as life-threatening. Excessive drinking, over time, can cause result in the following:

• Liver damage
• Various types of cancer
• Immune system disorders
• Exacerbation of existing health conditions (including high blood pressure and diabetes)
• Brain damage

Additionally, mixing alcohol with medication, either taken for illness or chronic conditions, can also result in serious health issues and even death. This is especially alarming when you consider that nearly every adult over the age of 65 takes at least two forms of medication each day.

Identifying Alcohol Abuse in Seniors

Some of the typical warning signs of alcohol abuse, such as irritability, fatigue, and insomnia can be mistaken for other problems commonly found in seniors. This can make identification of alcohol abuse difficult not only for friends and family members, but also for medical professionals, especially if they are not given enough context or history. However, there are other key signs to look out for. They include the following:

• A decreased interest in hobbies or leisure activities
• Memory loss
• Increased frequency in health complaints
• Slurred speech, smell of alcohol, or general change of appearance
• Diminished hygiene
• Sudden change in eating habits

Addressing Alcoholism in Your Senior and Next Steps

If you or a family member suspect that a senior loved one is abusing alcohol, it’s important to discuss the matter with him or her in a calm, respectful way. Many seniors may not even be aware that they’re using alcohol in excess. As noted previously, they also may not understand the increased risk of drinking at an advanced age (especially with medication in the equation) – so it’s important to reinforce your concern with education about the effects of alcohol on older adults.

Communication and education are both key to helping a loved one, but if he or she needs help in overcoming alcohol dependency, there are other ways to get assistance. Support groups, such as Alcoholics Anonymous, can be a great way for seniors to talk with others also struggling with alcohol abuse, while also receiving helpful strategies.

Comfort Keepers^® Can Help Canada’s Seniors

If you no longer live near your aging loved one, it may be time to consider having Comfort Keepers^® lend a helping hand. Our professional caregivers – who we call Comfort Keepers^® – can provide companionship and interaction, helping relieve symptoms of depression. A caregiver can also notify family members of changes in your loved one’s behavior or physical characteristics. If you want to learn more about Comfort Keepers’ in-home care services, contact your local office today.

References:

• AgingCare. “Alcohol Use and Abuse Among Elderly Parents.” Web. 2017.
• National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence. “Alcohol, Drug Dependence and Seniors.” Web. 207.
• National Institutes of Health. “Alcohol Use in Older People.” Web. 2016.

Studies indicate that Irritable Bowel Syndrome may affect up to 20% of the population, and that 10% of elderly people are affected.

Helping Seniors Understand Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Irritable bowel syndrome, often abbreviated as IBS, is a common disorder that can cause everything from chronic abdominal pain and bloating to diarrhea and constipation. IBS is considered a functional digestion disorder, which means that symptoms are often brought on by changes in the digestive system rather than by a certain disease.

IBS is a commonly diagnosed disorder, and although it does not generally start until after the age of 50, there is no indication that incidence of IBS is necessarily higher in older adults (those 65 years of age or older). However, the issue is that some IBS symptoms can be similar to those of more serious conditions or diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease or colorectal cancer. Thus, seniors should always question an IBS diagnosis and consider other steps to ensure there isn’t something more serious at play.

As mentioned, IBS can manifest itself in a number of ways. If there is a notable frequency of bowel movements with loose or watery stool, the specific type of IBS is categorized as diarrhea-predominant IBS. If there is difficulty in bowel movements and decreased frequency, it is categorized as constipation-predominant IBS.

What Can Cause IBS in Seniors?

Most medical professionals suggest there is no identifiable root cause for IBS, however, it is clear that it is more likely to be brought on by changes and/or disturbances with motility and digestion. For instance, if one recently had an infection within the intestines (prior to IBS symptoms), IBS has been known to follow promptly. Genetics also appear to be a considerable factor, as most with a family history of IBS are more likely to be diagnosed with the condition.

Other factors that can influence the onset of IBS include food allergies or intolerance (specifically to foods such as broccoli, milk, and carbonated beverages) and bacterial overgrowth in the intestines. Additionally, psychological stress appears to be one of the most significant factors, especially in seniors.

Helping Elders with Managing IBS

Although seniors may feel that IBS is an inevitable part of aging, the opposite is actually true. While sensitivity of the nerves within the digestive system may increase with age, there are ways to help reduce the overall risk or alleviate the symptoms. If your aging loved ones are currently faced with IBS or are looking for ways to prevent it, have them follow the tips below. Before incorporating any of the following tips into his or her lifestyle, be sure your loved one has a detailed discussion with a physician and/or dietician.

• Reduce Stress: As stated, psychological stress seems to be a major trigger for IBS. Recognizing that stress exists and identifying where it’s coming from is the first step. From there, altering behavior or activity can help in reducing stress as well as IBS symptoms. Many may also choose to practice meditation and yoga, or seek counseling to aid in stress reduction.
• Change Diet: There are several foods that can upset the digestive system, even without causing IBS. However, the ones that you may want to reduce the consumption of include: milk products, foods high in fat, and those that tend to produce gas. Keep track of the foods you eat on a daily basis and note which ones do or do not aggravate your digestive system. Again, your dietary management will depend solely upon the type of IBS symptoms you’re experiencing.
• Exercise: Staying consistently active tends to help improve overall physical and emotional wellbeing, but it’s also helpful in treating symptoms of IBS. In addition to regulating the digestive system, exercise can help provide a chance to relieve stress in a healthy, positive way. With exercise, you should – as always – consult a physician or doctor before beginning a daily routine, but try to incorporate at least 30 minutes of daily activity.
• Supplements and Medication: You may want to introduce a probiotic dietary supplement into your diet, to help in restoring healthy bacteria into the digestive system. Fiber supplements may also be used to aid in digestive regulation. If constipation is the specific IBS symptom, talk to your doctor about medications, such as stool softeners or laxatives.

It’s important to remember that irritable bowel syndrome is common, and although its symptoms are unique to the individual diagnosed, there are ways to live with it. Let your senior loved one know that, by identifying the triggers, he or she can manage IBS and get back to living comfortably.

Comfort Keepers^® Can Help Canada’s Seniors

Our compassionate, professional, in-home caregivers can help promote a healthy, positive lifestyle, conducive to managing IBS. From healthy meal preparation to transportation to a gym or local senior center, we are ready to help provide what he or she needs to live a happy, healthy, and independent life. Ask your local Comfort Keepers office today about how their services can make a difference in your loved one’s life today.

References:

• EverydayHealth. “Living Well While Aging with IBS: Tips for Managing Symptoms” by Vanessa Caceres. Web. 2017.
• SeniorHealth365. “Irritable Bowel Syndrome in the Elderly.” Web. 2017.
• ElderIssues. “Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Elders.” Web. 2017.

According to the Kidney Foundation of Canada, estimated 2.6 million Canadians have kidney disease, or are at risk.

Senior Kidney Health: What Do the Kidneys Do?

Physical well-being is contingent upon the health of all of our organs, and while the areas of focus for seniors may often be the heart and brain, the kidneys are just as important and should demand the same level of care and attention.

Located to the left and right of the spine, below the rib cage, these bean-shaped organs may not always be top of mind, but the importance of their roles in supporting the body’s equilibrium cannot be overstated. In addition to filtering the blood and removing waste and excess water from the body, the kidneys also control blood pressure, produce essential hormones, and balance pH levels.

Chronic Kidney Disease in Seniors

As we age, it can be a difficult for the kidneys to function at their optimum level.

Additionally, certain conditions and factors – such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and obesity – can negatively affect the functionality of the kidneys, potentially resulting in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Generally, CKD is defined as the loss in kidney function over an extended period of time. Symptoms do not usually manifest until the disease is in an advanced stage, but they include:

• Increased fatigue
• Constant thirst
• Shortness of breath
• Increased frequency of urination
• Skin rashes
• Difficulty managing diabetes or high blood pressure

As these symptoms are subtle and can apply to any number of other conditions, the only way to know if you have kidney disease is through blood and urine tests. If CKD goes unchecked, not only do wastes continually collect in the body, but it may even lead to kidney failure – meaning that the kidneys’ functionality has been reduced to less than 15%.

Should kidney failure come into play, there are treatment options available, including dialysis or a kidney transplant. However, seniors do not have to wait for things to get worse before they can get better. Risk reduction, through adjustments in diet and lifestyle and diligent monitoring, can make a big impact on kidney health (and overall well-being). Here are some recommendations for seniors age 65 or older.

Ways to Support Healthy Kidneys in Canada’s Seniors

Kidney-Healthy Diet for Seniors

• Drink plenty of water. As a general rule of thumb, stick to eight 8-ounce glasses (or about 2 liters) throughout the course of the day.
• Consume foods low in salt, sugar, and fat – and look for labels that contain the words “whole grains”
• Purchase fresh produce, instead of their canned or processed counterparts.
• Discuss kidney-friendly diets, and any diet change in general, with a physician or dietician.

Healthy Lifestyle for Seniors

• Do not smoke, or take steps to quit smoking.
• Limit alcohol consumption.
• Incorporate at least 30 minutes of moderate physical activity into your daily schedule. Be sure to consult a doctor or physician before beginning any exercise regimen.
• Maintain a healthy weight, and lose weight if you are currently overweight.

Senior Kidney Health Monitoring

• Rigorously manage blood sugar levels, especially if you have diabetes. Be sure to abide by your doctor’s instructions in regard to insulin and blood sugar monitoring.
• Keep blood pressure in check. Talk to your doctor about options for using anti-hypertensive drugs, designed to lower blood pressure, such as ACE inhibitors or angiotensin blockers.
• Get an annual screening, especially if you have any of the risk factors associated with kidney disease.

Senior Kidney Disease Is Not Inevitable

Seniors may feel they do not have a choice when it comes to the health of their kidneys. While it is true that kidney functionality does naturally diminish over time due to the decrease in kidney tissue and filtering units, advanced age does not solely trigger kidney disease. Encourage your senior loved ones to incorporate the tips listed above to help reduce the risk of kidney disease and other health conditions.

Comfort Keepers^® Can Help

Our caregivers can help establish a daily routine and encourage your loved one to make healthy choices – to support not only the health of his or her kidneys, but also his or her overall well-being. Call your local office today to find out about how our in-home care services can help your aging loved one today.

References:

• NIHSeniorHealth. “Kidney Disease” Web. 2016.
• Better Health Channel. “Kidneys – Age-Related Problems” Web. 2016.
• A Place for Mom. “The Connection between Diet and Kidney Damage” by Sarah Stevenson. Web. 2014.
• Kidney Foundation of Canada.  “Facing the Facts”.  Web 2012.

The American Heart Association estimates that nearly 66% of cardiovascular disease deaths occur in people age 75 and older.

Senior Heart Health as We Age

As we age, the risk of heart disease can increase due to a condition known as atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis occurs when the arteries begin to narrow from plaque buildup in the arterial walls, disrupting blood flow throughout the body. If blood flow stops altogether, from a blood clot, the outcome could include a heart attack or stroke.

While unhealthy lifestyle choices, such as lack of physical activity and/or smoking, can trigger atherosclerosis, poor diet can also be a cause. Foods high in salt and fat can result in high blood pressure, high levels of cholesterol, and high blood sugar levels – all of which are factors that can increase the risk of atherosclerosis (and heart disease) significantly.

Seniors who configure their diets to include healthy foods can make a profound impact on the health of their hearts. In fact, it’s been reported that 70% of heart disease can be prevented with correct nutrition. Here are some of the foods that seniors – under proper supervision from a physician and/or dietician – can incorporate into their diet to reduce the risk of heart disease.

Foods that Can Reduce the Risk of Senior Heart Disease

• Berries: Blueberries, strawberries, cranberries, and raspberries are all beneficial when it comes to your heart, due primarily to their plentiful supply of antioxidants – which reduce damage caused by free radicals in the body.
• Oranges: The potassium found in oranges helps to maintain blood pressure, while the pectin (a high source of water-soluble fiber found in the pith and pulp) collects the cholesterol from ingested food, reducing absorption. Additionally, recent research indicates that citrus pectin aids in neutralizing galectin-3, a protein that damages heart tissue.
• Apples: Comparing apples to oranges may not be such a bad idea after all, as the former also contains pectin. Its fiber content also aids in removing cholesterol. With all of its benefits together, daily apple consumption can reduce LDL cholesterol by 40%.
• Nuts: Although nuts have a high level of fat, it is primarily monounsaturated and helps lower LDL (bad) cholesterol and increase HDL (good) cholesterol. Nuts also contain essential vitamins and minerals, such as folic acid, niacin, vitamin B, and vitamin E – all of which aid in helping the heart.
• Avocados: Similar to nuts, avocados are full of monounsaturated fats that help to reduce LDL cholesterol. The one downside is that avocados contain a high number of calories, so it’s best to consume in moderation.
• Fish: Omega-3 fatty acids – often found in salmon, trout, and other cold water fish – work to simultaneously reduce triglycerides and raise HDL. Sardines, in particular, are said to provide the greatest number of Omega-3 fatty acids, compared to other cold-water fish. Note that the American Heart Association recommends two servings of fish at least twice a week.
• Asparagus: Similar to berries and other fruits and vegetables, asparagus is full of free radical-neutralizing antioxidants. It’s also a great source of vitamins A, C, E, and K, fiber, and beta-carotene. Just be sure not to overcook or boil it for too long, as this can compromise the nutritional content.
• Oatmeal: Unprocessed oatmeal – free of added sugar – can reduce cholesterol due to its beta-glucan content. Try adding fresh berries to your oatmeal for flavor and added benefits.
• Red Wine: Resveratrol, an antioxidant-rich compound found in certain berries and grapes, is what makes red wine heart-healthy, but most health professionals advise drinking no more than one glass a day. Anything past that and one’s risk of heart and liver damage can increase.
• Dark Chocolate: The flavonols found in cocoa – chocolate’s plant source – can reduce blood pressure, maintain blood flow, and relax the arteries. To get the most out of dark chocolate, choose a bar that is at least 70% cocoa. Be sure that cocoa is the first listed ingredient, as opposed to sugar.

Senior Nutrition Along with a Healthy Lifestyle for Senior Heart Health

One of the added benefits of choosing heart-healthy foods is that they supply other organs in the body with essential nutrients, adding to physical well-being. However, one should not rely solely on a heart-healthy diet in order to prevent heart disease.

In addition to taking steps to establish a daily exercise routine (including at least 30 minutes of moderate physical activity – with permission from a doctor or physician), seniors should also monitor their cardiovascular health regularly by visiting a doctor or physician. Regular consultation with a health professional can provide further insights into how to prevent heart disease, but it may also help in detecting other issues early on.

Comfort Keepers^® Can Help

Our compassionate, professional in-home caregivers can help promote a heart-healthy lifestyle for your loved one. From healthy meal preparation to transportation to a gym or local senior center, we are ready to help provide what he or she needs to live a happy, healthy, and independent life. Ask your local Comfort Keepers office today about how their services can make a difference in your loved one’s life.

References:

• American Heart Association. “What is Cardiovascular Disease?” Web. 2016.
• Prevention. “The 25 Best Foods for Your Heart” by Deborah Hastings. Web. 2013.
• WebMD. “Top 11 Heart-Healthy Foods” by Kerri-Ann Jennings, MS, RD. Web. 2016.

Studies show that nearly 60% of colorectal cancer patients are 70 years of age or older, and it’s estimated that this number will only continue to rise.

Helping Canada’s Seniors Understand Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer – also referred to as colon cancer or rectal cancer – is considered the second-leading cause of cancer-related deaths, for both men and women. The percentage of deaths from colorectal cancer tends to be highest for those within the 75-84 age range.

Colorectal cancer typically begins with the formation of polyps, which are clumps of cells in the inner lining of the colon and/or rectum. The cancer formed from these polyps can spread through the mucosa (innermost layer of the colon), to the lymph nodes, allowing it to spread to the liver, lungs, and other organs in the body.

Types of colorectal cancer include:

• Adenocarcinomas – Nearly 95% of colorectal cancers fall under this classification. As described above, adenocarcinomas form as a polyp or series of polyps found in the mucus-secreting glands in the colon or rectum.
• Gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors – These slow-growing tumors form within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract from a specific type of neuroendocrine cell. Gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors are considered to be rare, making up approximately 1% of colorectal cancers.
• Lymphomas – Even rarer than gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors, lymphomas generally develop in the lymph nodes.

Certain factors, both controllable and uncontrollable, can increase one’s overall risk of developing colorectal cancer. Those who are both overweight and physically inactive are generally at a higher risk, as are those whose diets include a high volume of red and processed meats. Family history (particularly of either colorectal cancer or adenomatous polyps), having an inherited syndrome (such as Familial Adenomatous Polyposis and Lynch Syndrome), and having type 2 diabetes all represent uncontrollable factors.

Another factor beyond one’s control is advanced age. The older one is past the age of 50, the higher his or her risk. In fact, studies show that nearly 60% of colorectal cancer patients are 70 years of age or older. Fortunately, colorectal cancer is one of two cancers that can be detected with screening.

Colorectal Cancer Screening for Canada’s Seniors

While the American Cancer Society recommends that screening starts at age 50 to help detect colorectal cancer early on, screening can aid in detecting cancer (or risk factors for development) in seniors as well. Although there are several screening options available, seniors should choose tests that are germane to personal preference and medical history – with consultation from a doctor or physician.

Colorectal cancer screening methods for seniors include:

• Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT)/Fecal Immunochemical Test (FIT): These tests check for trace amounts of blood from polyps. Studies indicate that FOBT, in particular, can help reduce colorectal cancer-related deaths by up to 33%, when performed by those in the 50-80 age range, every 1 to 2 years.
• Stool DNA Test (FIT-DNA): Similar to the tests above, the FIT-DNA test looks for trace amounts of blood as well as DNA biomarkers in genes associated with colorectal cancer and adenomas. While there are numerous advantages to the FOBT, FIT, and FIT-DNA, all three can produce false-positive test results, indicating that an abnormality exists when in fact it does not.
• Colonoscopy: A flexible, fiber-optic instrument, known as a colonoscope, is used in this test in order to examine the entire length of the colon. Any growths that are detected during the process can be removed immediately. Note that certain medical societies and expert groups recommend that adults at average risk stop screening colonoscopies at age 75.
• Sigmoidoscopy: Although it is similar to the colonoscopy in terms of method, the sigmoidoscopy only examines the lower portion of the colon known as the sigmoid. Medical professionals recommend that the sigmoidoscopy be performed along with the FOBT or FIT, every 5 years.
• Virtual Colonoscopy (VC): This test utilizes x-ray scanning and 3D imaging to produce a detailed overview of the colon that shows polyps and other growths. If abnormalities are detected during a VC, a colonoscopy may be performed as a follow up procedure to help remove polyps or growths.

Other Ways for Seniors to Reduce the Risk of Colorectal Cancer

Innovation in medical technology will certainly help pave the way for new and expanded methods of colorectal cancer screening, with the goal of providing faster and more accurate detection. However, one should not rely solely on screening to support prevention. Seniors can reduce their overall risk by adjusting certain aspects of their lifestyle and by making healthy choices.

How Seniors Can Reduce Cancer Risk:

• Maintain a healthy weight
• Increase daily vegetable/fruit intake
• Limit or eliminate intake of red/processed meats
• Decrease alcohol consumption
• Test for vitamin D deficiency, and increase intake accordingly
• Consider taking multivitamins containing folate
• Stay physically active
• Quit smoking

Most importantly, take steps to routinely visit your doctor or physician, to discuss not only the methods listed above, but also the most appropriate options for testing and screening.

Comfort Keepers^® Can Help

From transportation to and from medical appointments, to assistance in promoting good health and independent living, our caregivers can help make sure your loved one has what he or she needs day in and day out. For more information about how our unique style of caregiving can make a difference for your loved one, give your local office a call today.

References:

• American Cancer Society. “Colorectal Cancer Prevention and Early Detection.” Web. 2016
• National Cancer Institute. “Test to Detect Colorectal Cancer and Polyps.” Web. 2016.
• Live Science. “Colon Cancer: Causes, Symptoms and Treatments.” Web. 2014.
• Siteman Cancer Center. “8 Ways to Prevent Colon Cancer.” Web. 2016.
  https://www.cancer.gov/types/colorectal/screening-fact-sheet

Seniors over age 65 account for 60% of newly diagnosed cancers. Also, 70% of cancer-related deaths occur among the senior population.

As people grow older, certain medical conditions are likely to develop. This is especially true of cancer. Cancer is the second leading cause of death among those 65 years and older, and its occurrence increases with age.

Screening means checking your body for cancer before you have symptoms. Malignancies respond to treatment more effectively when discovered and diagnosed in the early stages of development, which is why you may opt to get screened regularly for various types of cancer. Here are the typical screening recommendations for seniors age 65 or older, and Medicare may cover them:

SENIOR CANCER SCREENING FOR MEN:

Senior Prostate Cancer Testing

Overall health status – not just age – is important when deciding about prostate cancer testing. Men who can expect to live at least 10 more years should talk with a doctor about the uncertainties, risks, and potential benefits of testing so they can decide if they want to be tested.

SENIOR CANCER SCREENING FOR WOMEN:

Senior Breast Cancer Testing

If there are any changes in how breasts appear or feel, report it to a doctor immediately. Get a mammogram every two years, or choose to get one every year. Be sure to understand the pros and cons of breast cancer screening. When deciding how often to screen for breast cancer, consider whether you are at higher than average risk for breast cancer. If you are, talk to a health care provider about whether you need to get other tests done along with your mammograms.

Senior Cervical Cancer Testing

For women age 65 or older, many medical professionals believe that no further testing is needed if you’ve had regular cervical cancer testing with normal results during the past 10 years. No testing is needed after a hysterectomy that removed the uterus and cervix, if it was done for reasons not related to cervical cancer. Women with a history of a serious cervical pre-cancer should continue testing for 20 years after that diagnosis.

SENIOR CANCER SCREENING FOR BOTH GENDERS:

Senior Colon Cancer Testing

Testing is recommended, and there are many testing options. Talk with a doctor about which tests are best for you and how often testing should be done.

Senior Lung Cancer Testing

If you have a history of smoking, consult with a health care provider about whether you should get an annual low-dose CT scan to screen for early lung cancer. Screening may benefit you if you are an active or former smoker (quit within the past 15 years), have no signs of lung cancer, and have had a single pack of cigarettes per day per year, or its equivalent. For example, one pack per day for 30 years is equal to two packs per day for 15 years. Discuss the benefits, limitations, and risks of screening with a medical professional before testing is done.

When to Stop Senior Cancer Screenings: The Debate Among Doctors and Specialists

There are few clinical trials that include older patients, creating a lack of data about the effectiveness and possible harms of cancer screening in the senior population. This results in a variation in recommendations, especially in regard to when it’s time to stop screening. The problem is that guidelines are too often based on younger patients, and do not always consider individual variations in life expectancy, comorbid conditions, functional status, or personal preference. That said, medical societies and other expert groups may recommend:

• Stop routine Pap smears to screen for cervical cancer at age 65, if they have been negative in the past.
• Stop routine screening mammography for women at average risk of breast cancer after age 75.
• Stop screening colonoscopies for adults at average risk of colorectal cancer at age 75.
• Stop routine screening usinga blood test that measures the amount of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in the blood, when there is average risk at any age. PSA is a protein produced by the prostate gland.

Many doctors ignore these guidelines – again, because cancer screening recommendations based on age alone can be too arbitrary. A frail 75-year-old with heart disease and diabetes is different from a robust 75-year-old who exercises every day, so many experts suggest considering a person’s life expectancy. If it is less than 10 years, cancer screening is unlikely to improve a person’s survival or quality of life, and the risks of screening could be greater than the benefits. However, since life expectancy can be difficult to predict, doctors hesitate to halt screenings for many of their patients.

A decision about cancer screening should be mutually agreed upon by a senior and their doctor.

Due to differing approaches within the medical community, you and your doctor should discuss the pros and cons when it comes to cancer screening. Getting screening tests regularly may find cancers early, when treatment is most likely to work –  but it is also important to be well informed about the risks of any test, and about what will happen if a test suggests there may be cancer that won’t shorten your life.

Comfort Keepers^® can help. Our caregivers can help establish a daily routine with your loved one that promotes good health and independent living. We can also make sure that he or she has transportation to and from medical appointments. Call your local office today to find out about all of the services that we can provide.

References:

• A Place for Mom. “Cancer Screening Timelines for Boomers and Seniors” by Dana Larsen. Web. 2016.Harvard Health Publications.“Many Seniors Get Unnecessary and Potentially Harmful Cancer Tests” by Howard LeWine, M.D. Web. 2014.
• American Cancer Society. “Cancer Screening Guidelines by Age.” Web. 2016.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). “Cancer Prevention and Control.” Web. 2016.

According to Health Canada, Heart Disease is the number one killer in Canada.

How Heart Attacks Happen in Seniors

Your heart muscle needs oxygen to survive. A heart attack occurs when the blood flow that brings oxygen to the heart muscle is severely reduced or completely cut off. This happens because coronary arteries supplying the heart muscle with blood flow can gradually become narrow from a buildup of fat, cholesterol, and other substances that together are called plaque.

This slow process is known as atherosclerosis. When a plaque in a heart artery breaks, a blood clot forms around the plaque. This blood clot can block the blood flow through the heart muscle. When the heart muscle is starved for oxygen and nutrients, it is called ischemia. When damage or death of part of the heart muscle occurs as a result of ischemia, it is called a heart attack or myocardial infarction (MI).

Various Types of Senior Heart Attacks and Related Events

STEMI Heart Attacks: STEMI heart attacks are the deadliest type of heart attacks. STEMI is short for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Sometimes called a massive heart attack or a widowmaker heart attack, a STEMI heart attack happens when a coronary artery is completely blocked. As a result, a large portion of the heart cannot receive blood, and the heart muscle quickly begins to die. Treatment options include angioplasty and stenting; clot-busting medication; and coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG).

NSTEMI Heart Attacks: NSTEMI stands for non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction. NSTEMI heart attacks happen when blood flow to the heart through a coronary artery is severely restricted but not entirely blocked. An NSTEMI heart attack, often referred to as a mini or mild heart attack, usually causes less damage to the heart. It is likely that any coronary artery blockages are partial or temporary, and damage usually doesn’t go through the entire heart muscle. Also, they are caused by different types of blood clots than STEMI heart attacks, with differing amounts of clotting proteins and platelet blood cells. Therefore, the treatment of NSTEMI heart attacks differs from the treatment of STEMI heart attacks. Clot-busting medications, for example, are not effective, and although PCI may be part of the treatment, opening the artery within 90 minutes is not a primary goal.

Demand Ischemia: Demand ischemia is another type of heart attack where blockages in the arteries may not be present. It happens when a patient’s heart needs more oxygen than is available in the body’s supply. It may occur in patients with infection, anemia, or abnormally fast heart rates. It also may be triggered by exercise or emotion. It is characterized by angina because of the increased oxygen demand. Blood tests will show the presence of enzymes that indicate damage to the heart muscle.

Silent Heart Attacks: A heart attack does not always have obvious symptoms. In fact, a heart attack can actually happen without a person knowing it, and are often referred to as silent heart attacks. Though they come with no symptoms, silent heart attacks are not harmless. They can cause permanent damage to the heart muscle.

Coronary Artery Spasm: A coronary artery spasm is when the artery wall tightens and blood flow through the artery is restricted, potentially leading to chest pain, or blood flow is cut off completely, causing a heart attack. Coronary artery spasm comes and goes. Because there may not be a build-up of plaque or a blood clot in the artery, a coronary artery spasm may not be discovered by an imaging test called an angiogram that is typically performed to check arteries for blockages. Treatment for a coronary artery spasm consists of medications such as nitrates and calcium channel blockers.

Cardiac Arrest: Cardiac arrest is not a heart attack. With cardiac arrest, a person’s heart stops beating. It can be due to a heart attack, but can also occur as a primary event. Cardiac arrest can occur for other reasons besides a blockage in the artery, including electrolyte disturbances, such as low or high potassium or low magnesium, congenital abnormalities, or poor pumping function of the heart. In a heart attack, the heart keeps beating, but can cause life-threatening arrhythmias that result in cardiac arrest within a few minutes, because the heart is not pumping blood to the lungs to pick up vital oxygen that circulates back to the heart and to the body.

Initial treatment will consist of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and defibrillation – delivery of an electrical shock to restore the heart’s rhythm. For people who are resuscitated and have a heartbeat, yet are unconscious, hypothermia protocols can be used, where the body is cooled for 24 hours, then gradually warmed. This has been shown to improve the odds of a good neurological outcome.

Seconds count in treating both heart attack and cardiac arrest in seniors.

Cardiac arrest is especially critical, as the odds of survival go down by about 10 percent for every minute until the person is resuscitated. After 10 minutes the risk of permanent brain injury is very high.

Heart Attack Symptoms for Seniors to Watch For

Heart attack symptoms vary widely. One can experience minor chest discomfort, or excruciating pain. The classic symptoms of heart attack include a feeling of extreme pressure on the chest and chest pain, including a squeezing or full sensation. This can be accompanied by pain in one or both arms, jaw, back, stomach, or neck. Other symptoms include shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting, lightheadedness, and breaking out in a cold sweat. Women are somewhat more likely than men to experience more of the other symptoms, such as lightheadedness, nausea, extreme fatigue, fainting, dizziness, or pressure in the upper back. One thing applies to everyone, though: if you suspect you’re having a heart attack, call for emergency medical help immediately.

Comfort Keepers^® can help. As part of our care, we can help promote a heart-healthy diet and exercise that is appropriate for each client, depending on his or her ability and physical condition. We also have caregivers who are specially trained to care for people who are recovering from a recent heart attack. Ask your local Comfort Keepers office today about what services are available to you or a loved one. We’re here to help!

References:

• Society of Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI) at Secondscount.org. “Types of Heart Attacks.” Web. 2015.
• Everyday Health. “What is a Heart Attack?” by Lindsey Konkel. Web. 2015.
• American Heart Association. “About Heart Attacks.” Web. 2015.

The American Optometric Association recommends annual eye examinations for everyone over age 60.

Regular eye exams are even more important as you reach your senior years. After turning 60, several eye diseases may develop that can permanently affect your vision. A comprehensive dilated eye exam by an optometrist or ophthalmologist (eye doctor) is necessary to find eye diseases early, when treatment to prevent vision loss proves most effective.

There are warning signs for age-related eye health problems that could cause vision loss, but many eye diseases have no early symptoms. They may develop painlessly, and you may not notice changes to your vision until the condition has already progressed. Of course, see your eye specialist immediately if you notice changes in your vision. Here are some vision disorders all seniors should know about:

• Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an eye disease that affects the macula (the center of the light-sensitive retina at the back of the eye) and causes central vision loss, while peripheral (side) vision remains unaffected. The macula allows us to see fine detail and colors. Activities like reading, driving, watching TV, and recognizing faces all require good central vision.
• Cataracts are cloudy or opaque areas in the normally clear lens of the eye. Depending upon their size and location, they can interfere with normal vision. Usually cataracts develop in both eyes, but one may be worse than the other. Cataracts can cause blurry vision, decreased contrast sensitivity, dulling of colors, and increased sensitivity to glare.
• Diabetic retinopathy is a condition that occurs in people with diabetes. It is the result of progressive damage to the tiny blood vessels that nourish the retina. These damaged blood vessels leak blood and other fluids that cause retinal tissue to swell and cloud vision. The condition usually affects both eyes. The longer a person has diabetes, the greater the risk for developing diabetic retinopathy. At its most severe, diabetic retinopathy can cause blindness.
• Dry eye is a condition in which a person produces too few or poor-quality tears. Tears maintain the health of the front surface of the eye and provide clear vision. Dry eye is a common and often chronic problem, particularly in seniors.
• Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases characterized by damage to the optic nerve, resulting in vision loss. People with a family history of glaucoma and older adults have a higher risk. Glaucoma can be painless, with no symptoms. It can take away peripheral (side) vision.
• Retinal detachment is a tearing or separation of the retina from the underlying tissue, and most often occurs spontaneously due to changes to the gel-like vitreous fluid that fills the back of the eye. Other causes include trauma to the eye or head, health problems like advanced diabetes, and inflammatory eye disorders. If not treated promptly, it can cause permanent vision loss.

Other Conditions Eye Exams Can Reveal About Seniors’ Health

During your eye exam, visual acuity (sharpness), depth perception, eye alignment, and eye movement are tested. Eye drops are used to make your pupils larger so your eye specialist can see inside your eyes. In addition to eye health, he or she may spot other health conditions, too.

1. Diabetes: Diabetes affects the small capillaries in the eye’s retina. These blood vessels may leak blood or a yellowish fluid, which may be discovered in an eye exam. If your eye specialist notices this, you may have a condition called diabetic retinopathy.
2. Hypertension: Blood vessels in the eye may exhibit bends, kinks, or tears, which may indicate high blood pressure, a known risk factor for heart disease, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and other illnesses, including blindness.
3. Autoimmune disorders: If the eye is inflamed, this may be a sign of Lupus or another disorder.
4. High cholesterol: The cornea may have a yellowish appearance or a yellow ring around it which can be a sign of high cholesterol. There also may be plaques in the blood vessels of the retina, which could indicate elevated cholesterol.
5. Thyroid disease: One of the signs of thyroid disease are bulging eyes or protruding eyeballs. This condition is also known as Graves Disease.
6. Cancer: Just like you can get freckles and melanoma on your skin, you can also get skin cancer of the eye. If you see a speck in your eye, ask your eye specialist to examine it. He or she will also check your eye color and pattern to make sure everything looks normal.
7. Tumors: You will be checked for blurry vision, improper pupil dilation (one eye dilating more than the other or remaining fixed), and optic nerve color. If something seems irregular, you may be referred to a neurologist.
8. Mental Health: People with mental illnesses like schizophrenia and bipolar disorder usually have different eye tracking patterns. Eye specialists can now map those movements through technology.
9. Aneurysm: Tell your eye specialist if you’re experiencing blurry vision, eye pain, headaches, or loss of vision. You will also be checked for drooping eyelids (a sign that a blood vessel may have ruptured or is leaking), increased pressure in your eye, bleeding in the retina, and swelling of your optic nerve. Crossed eyes can be a sign of bleeding in the brain, possibly from an aneurysm, or even a stroke.
10. Multiple Sclerosis: Most eye tics are benign, but can also be an early indicator of neurological diseases like multiple sclerosis and Parkinson’s. Your eye specialist can help with early diagnoses by checking for anomalies in your retina and optic nerve.
11. Vitamin A Deficiency: If you’re not getting enough fruits and veggies (from foods like sweet potatoes, greens, cantaloupe, and carrots), you may develop night blindness and vision loss. Your eye specialist
    will check the surface of your eye for damage. Mention if you’re having trouble seeing at night.

Comfort Keepers^® can help. Our caregivers, or Comfort Keepers^®, can help establish a daily routine with your loved one that promotes good health and independent living. We can also make sure that your loved one has transportation to and from medical appointments. Call your local office today to find out about all of the services that we can provide.

References:

• American Optometric Association. “Adult Vision: Over 60 Years of Age.” Web. 2016.
• YourSightMatters.com. “7 Health Problems Eye Exams Can Detect.” Web. 2016.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). “Keep an Eye on Your Vision Health.” Web. 2016.

Women who have three negative tests for cervical cancer between age 50 and 64 are considerably less likely to get the disease in the next 20 years.

Cervical cancer was once the leading cause of cancer-related death for American women – but not anymore. Pap smears have become a part of regular checkups or gynecological exams, making it possible to catch the disease early on, thereby preventing it from becoming fatal.

Seniors and Cervical Cancer

As women age, they may feel that they are no longer at risk for certain physical disorders. Often, this is the case with cervical cancer.

According to research conducted by scientists at the Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, MO., the rate of death for women over the age of 65 from cervical cancer is actually higher than that of women below that age, and 25 percent of new cases occur among seniors. In fact, of that group of older women, approximately 7.6 per 100,000 die from cervical cancer, as compared to only 2.1 for younger women.

It is believed that so many more senior women die, simply due to the fact that they choose to not have pap smears, putting them in jeopardy – and if they already have cervical cancer, many decline treatment.

Doctors also have a tendency to limit aggressive treatment in older patients, which is not always necessary, and more aggressive treatments could improve outcomes. Some studies have shown that many older patients actually tolerate radiation therapy and aggressive surgical therapy well, thus increasing their chances for survival. Of course, the overall health of the senior should be taken into consideration by the doctor.

The Possibility of Faulty Data in Senior Cervical Cancer Screenings

Women are often told they don’t have to get a Pap test for cervical cancer if they’re over 65, but the data behind that recommendation might underestimate their cancer risk, researchers say.

That’s because many studies don’t take into account that many women have had hysterectomies. The surgery removes a woman’s risk of cervical cancer, since there is no cervix present – and
20 percent of the women over age 20 in this study said they had had that surgery.

When they looked at cancer rates only in women who hadn’t had a hysterectomy, the researchers found that the odds of having cervical cancer were higher; 18.6 per 100,000 women, compared to 11.7 cases without that adjustment.

Cervical Cancer Screening Critical for Senior Women

According to the National Institutes of Health, just over half of women who are 65 or older have undergone a pap smear in the past three years, and 25 percent of older women have never been tested. Sometimes, this is because there is a lack of insurance or information, but many simply neglect doing so, thinking that it is no longer necessary.

Senior women should take the opportunity to speak with a health care provider if they have not recently been tested for the disease.

Cervical Cancer Signs to Look For In Senior Women

According to the CDC, the primary indicator of cervical cancer is abnormal bleeding or vaginal discharge, which can also indicate cancers of the ovaries or uterus. If a woman experiences this symptom, it’s important to seek medical attention as soon as possible and not wait until an annual exam. Other symptoms can include fatigue, nausea, or weight loss.

Comfort Keepers^® can help. Our caregivers, or Comfort Keepers^®, can help establish a daily routine with your loved one that promotes good health and independent living. We can also make sure that your loved one has transportation to and from medical appointments. Call your local office today to find out about all of the services that we can provide.

References:

• NPR. “Older Women May Actually Be More At Risk For Cervical Cancer.” Web and broadcast. 2014.
• The Guardian. “Older Women Ignoring Cervical Cancer Danger.” Web and in print. 2015.
• Medscape. “Late Diagnosis of a Neglected Cervical Carcinoma in an Elderly Woman: A Case Report.” Web. 2016.
• Medical Life Sciences. “Elderly Women with Cervical Cancer Face Double Jeopardy.” Web. 2016.

According to the Thyroid Foundation of Canada 1 in 10 Canadians suffer from a thyroid condition of one type or another! Of those, as many as 50% are undiagnosed!

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the lower front of the neck. Its function is to make thyroid hormones, which are secreted into the blood and then carried to every tissue in the body. Thyroid hormone helps the body use energy, stay warm, and keep the brain, heart, muscles, and other organs working properly.

Hyperthyroidism: What Canada’s Seniors Need to Know

As in all hyperthyroid patients, if there is too much thyroid hormone, it causes every function of the body to speed up. While younger persons often show multiple symptoms related to the overactive thyroid, a senior may only have one or two symptoms.

Common symptoms of hyperthyroidism in Canada’s seniors may include:

• an increase in bowel movements
• excessive perspiration
• rapid heart rate
• slight tremors
• weight loss
• fatigue
• lack of mental clarity
• confusion
• nervousness
• agitation
• irregular heart rhythms and heart failure may occur in older patients

Hypothyroidism in Canada’s Seniors

Hypothyroidism is very common in seniors over the age of 60, and steadily increases with age. Studies show that up to 1 in 4 patients in nursing homes may have undiagnosed hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism symptoms are very non-specific in all patients, and this is especially true for seniors ─ and as with hyperthyroidism, the frequency of multiple symptoms decreases in older persons. For example, memory loss or a decrease in cognitive functioning, often attributed to advancing age, may be the only symptoms of hypothyroidism present.

Common symptoms of hypothyroidism in Canada seniors may include:

• fatigue
• constipation
• depression
• hair loss
• weight gain
• low sex drive
• muscle aches and stiffness
• pale, dry skin
• hoarse voice
• a lack of mental clarity
• forgetfulness
• fluid retention

Diagnosis of Thyroid Disease in Canada’s Seniors

There are several methods used to diagnose thyroid disease, but blood tests usually are performed as an initial screening tool for determining hormone levels and thyroid function. Imaging tests are also commonly used, including thyroid scans using a radioactive iodine, and ultrasounds. If non-invasive tests are inconclusive or if tissues samples must be taken to determine cancer, a biopsy is performed.

Treatment of Thyroid Disease in Canada’s Seniors

Treatment for thyroid disease may vary, depending on the specific condition being treated and the physical condition of the senior. Talk to a doctor for his or her recommendations.

In the case of hyperthyroidism, an anti-thyroid medication may be prescribed, and steroids, Beta-blockers and anti-inflammatory medications, such as NSAIDs, may be given to reduce any inflammation.

If the thyroid gland is causing breathing or swallowing difficulties, a goiter is causing disfigurement, or if cancer is detected, radioiodine to shrink and destroy the gland may be used, or surgery may be required to remove part the thyroid ─ or the entire thyroid gland may be removed, followed with synthetic thyroid replacement. 

Standard treatment for hypothyroidism involves daily use of the synthetic thyroid hormone levothyroxine, an oral medication that restores adequate hormone levels, reversing the signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism. Treatment with levothyroxine is usually lifelong, but because the dosage needed may change, the doctor is likely to check the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level every year.

Thyroid Disease Prevention for Canada’s Seniors

Although thyroid disease can have much to do with genetics, not smoking, getting enough exercise, reducing stress, and proper intake of dietary iodine ─ through table salt, seafood, eggs, milk, whole grain breads, and kelp ─ may all help prevent thyroid disease.

Comfort Keepers^® can help. Our caregivers, or Comfort Keepers^®, can help establish a daily routine with your loved one that promotes good health and independent living. This includes helping to ensure that your loved one eats well and takes his or her medications in the correct dosage at the right times. Call your local office today to discover all of the services we offer.

References:

• Thyroid Foundation of Canada.  “About Thyroid Disease.”  Web. 2016.
• SeniorCare.org. “Thyroid Disease Among Senior Citizens.” Web. 2016.
• American Thyroid Association. “Thyroid Disease in the Older Patient.” Web. 2016.
• Thyroid Association of Canada. “Thyroid Disease in Late Life” by Leslie M.C. Goldenberg, M.D. Web. 2016.
• Medscape. “Thyroid Disorders in Elderly Patients” by Shakaib U. Rehman MD; Dennis W. Cope MD;
• Anna D. Senseney MD; and Walter Brzezinski MD. Web. 2016.
• National Institutes of Health (NIH). “Hyperthyroidism” and “Hyperthyroidism.” Web. 2016.